Method of improving efficiency in ruminants

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods of altering blood constituents in grazing animals. Serum concentrations of serum insulin, serum urea nitrogen, serum glucose, and serum growth hormone in ruminants were varied by feeding specific protein supplements and an otherwise negative energy diet. Protein supplements were selected both from high rumen-degradable proteins, such as cottonseed meal, and low rumen-degradable proteins, such as blood and feather meals. Improvement in body condition and body weight was concomitant with reduced milk production.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/516,252filed on Aug. 17, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,366 which is afile-wrapper-continuation of Ser. No. 08/087,493 filed on Jul. 6, 1993,abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field)

The invention relates to animals and more particularly to a process ofincreasing efficiency in ruminant animals.

2. Background Art

Previous studies have suggested that protein nutrition may stimulateinsulin release (Hunter, R. A., et al., "The Effects ofFormaldehyde-Treated Casein on the Partitioning of Nutrients between Cowand Calf in Lactating Bos Indicus x Bos Taurus Heifers Fed a RoughageDiet", Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39:1151, 1988); Laiman, et al., "The Effectsof Ruminally Undegradable Protein, Propomic Acid and Monecim on Pubertyand Reproduction Efficiency in Beef Heifers", Proc. West. Sec. Amer.Soc. Anim. Sci. 42, 1991; Wiley, et al., "Production from First CalfBeef Heifers Fed a High or Low Level of Prepartum Nutrition andRuminally Undegradable or Degradable Protein Postpartum." J. Anim. Sci.69:4279, 1991.

A study conducted by Applicant and others (Petersen, et al., "TheMetabolic Effects of Supplementing Mature Blue Grama Hay with DifferentSources of Protein to Yearling Ewes," published March, 1992), revealedthat serum insulation concentration increased with proteinsupplementation. It was further concluded that feather meal proteinsupplement resulted in the highest concentration of serum insulinconcentration compared with ewes consuming either cottonseed meal orblood meal protein supplement. Ewes receiving the cottonseed mealprotein supplement, however, had the highest serum glucoseconcentrations; generally nonsupplemented control ewes had lower serumglucose concentrations than supplemented ewes.

Further, nonsupplemented ewes had lower blood urea nitrogenconcentrations than supplemented ewes.

None of the prior art developed to date, however, has taught orsuggested that different protein sources may elicit differentialresponses in insulin release, serum glucose concentration, serum growthhormone concentration. Further, none of the prior art has disclosed orsuggested that re-partitioning of nutrients in ruminants may bedifferentially affected by ingestion of various protein sources.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION)

In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method foraltering grazing animals blood constituents. The method comprises thesteps of: selecting a protein dietary supplement affecting the serumconcentration of at least one blood constituent selected from the groupconsisting of serum insulin, serum urea nitrogen, serum glucose andserum growth hormone; administering the protein dietary supplement; andproviding additional protein in the daily feed allotment while otherwisemaintaining a negative energy diet.

The method further comprises the step of selecting a protein dietarysupplement having a high rumen-degradable protein, or selecting aprotein dietary supplement having a low rumen-degradable supplement. Thestep of selecting a protein dietary supplement comprises the step ofselecting a supplement from the group consisting of feather meal,cottonseed meal, blood meal and mixtures thereof. The method furthercomprises the step of selecting feather meal, or cottonseed meal, orblood meal. The method further comprises the step of selecting a mixtureof blood meal and cottonseed meal, or feather meal and cottonseed meal,or blood meal and feather meal, or a mixture of cottonseed meal, feathermeal and blood meal.

The method further comprises the steps of selecting specific animalefficiency parameters in ruminants from the group consisting of bodycondition, body weight, milk production, reproduction and offspringweight; and administering said protein dietary supplement chosen toaugment at least one of the selected specific animal efficiencyparameters. The step of selecting specific animal efficiency parameterscomprises the step of selecting reproduction and offspring weight. Thestep of administering selected supplements further comprises the step ofwithholding protein supplements. Selecting specific animal efficiencyparameters comprises the step of selecting decreased milk production.

An object of the invention is the provision of a method providingrelease of serum insulin, serum urea nitrogen; serum glucose and serumgrowth hormone in ruminants by selected dietary supplements.

Yet another object of the invention is the provision of a methodproviding increase of body condition and body weight in ruminantsreceiving a negative energy diet.

Still another object of the invention is the provision of a decrease inmilk production; with a concomitant increase in body condition and bodyweight.

An advantage of the invention is the simple augmentation of selectedanimal efficiency parameters by proper selection of dietary supplements.

Another advantage of the invention is its relative low cost relative toresults achievable.

Yet another advantage of the invention is its relative practicality.

Still another advantage of the invention is the use of dietary proteinsupplements having little other food value.

Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope ofapplicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in thedetailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilledin the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned bypractice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the inventionmay be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities andcombinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a partof the specification, illustrate several embodiments of the presentinvention and, together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose ofillustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to beconstrued as limiting the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a curve showing the effect of time on serum insulinconcentration;

FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing serum insulin in ewes fed various proteinsources, corn and control;

FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing serum growth hormone in ewes fed differingquantities and protein sources;

FIG. 4 is a curve illustrating the effect of time on serum growthhormone;

FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the ratio of serum insulin to growthhormone concentration;

FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing serum glucose in ewes fed differentprotein sources;

FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing blood urea nitrogen in ewes fed differingquantities and sources of protein;

FIG. 8 is a curve showing insulin concentrations in primiparous beefcows receiving injected insulin or saline; and

FIG. 9 is a curve showing glucose concentrations in primiparous beefcows receiving either insulin or saline injections.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUTTHE INVENTION)

The invention comprises the re-partitioning of nutrients in ruminantanimals. Specifically, ruminants normally fed a decreased energy dietare additionally fed a protein supplement. The protein supplement maycomprise a variety of protein sources, including feather meal, bloodmeal, cottonseed meal and various combinations of these sources.

Generally, test results showed that increased serum insulin, the resultof protein supplementation, ultimately resulted in improved bodycondition and body weight at the end of the test period. Concomitantly,milk production was decreased.

Further, growth hormone is reduced in protein supplemented ruminants,while serum glucose is increased by protein supplementation. Blood ureanitrogen is also increased in ruminants fed supplemental protein.

Industrial Applicability

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limitingexamples. In each of the examples, a negative energy diet is provided toall subject animals.

EXAMPLE 1

Twenty eight Debouillet ewe lambs average body weight (BW) 45.7kilograms (kg)! were individually housed indoors and fed blue grama hayat a rate of 1.5% of body weight for 17 days. Water was available at alltimes. The rate of feeding was used to minimize differences in feedintake. The hay contained 8.1% crude protein (CP) and was chopped toapproximately 2.5 cm through a grinder mixer. The daily hay was fed at1800 hours along with 180 grams of sun-cured alfalfa pellets. Alfalfapellets were added to ensure adequate ruminal nitrogen availability formicrobial digestion of the hay. Each day each ewe was fed one of ninesupplement combinations. The first group (n=4) served as a negativecontrol (CON) and received no additional nutrients at 0700 hours. Anenergy control was formulated with corn (C) and no supplemental protein.This supplement was used to compare with supplements supplying similarquantities of energy (112 grams total digestible nutrients (TDN) perday) but total digestible nutrients greater amounts of crude protein(CP). The first protein supplement, used cottonseed meal (CSM) as aprotein source and supplied 97.8 grams of crude protein/day (CP/d). Thissupplement contained the greatest amount of ruminally degradable proteinand total digestible nutrients (TDN) (150 grams/day). It was alsoconsidered as a positive control. The remaining seven supplements wereformulated with blood meal (BM) and/or feather meal (FM) andcombinations of corn or cottonseed meal. These were formulated to beisoenergetic with corn and isonitrogenous with cottonseed meal. Becauseblood meal and feather meal protein are less ruminally degradable thancottonseed meal (NRC, 1985), the quantity of ruminally undegradableprotein varied. Supplements utilizing blood meal or feather meal as thesole protein source were mixed with corn to increase the totaldigestible nutrient content. The remaining three supplements contained50% of the protein from cottonseed meal and the other 50% from eitherblood meal (cottonseed meal plus blood meal) or feather meal (cottonseedmeal plus feather meal) or blood meal and feather meal (cottonseed mealplus blood meal plus feather meal), as shown in Table 1.

                                      TABLE 1    __________________________________________________________________________    FORMULATION OF SUPPLEMENTS USING CORN (C), COTTONSEED MEAL (CSM),    BLOOD MEAL (BM) OR FEATHER MEAL (FM) ON DRY MATTER BASIS                                        CSM +                       C +                          C +                             BM +                                CSM +                                    CSM +                                        FM +                 C  CSM                       BM FM FM BM  FM  BM    __________________________________________________________________________    Ingredient (%)    Corn         89.5           27.8                                    28.6                                        28.2    CSM             100         61.2                                    62.7                                        61.9    BM                 63.7  32.5                                34.3    17.3    FM                    64.3                             31.5   33.6                                        16.6    Dicalcium    7.2   5.5                          4.2                             4.8                                2.9 2.1 2.5    Phosphate    Potassium    3.3   3.0                          2.9                             2.8                                1.6 1.5 1.6    chloride    Estimated composition (g/d)    DM           140                    200                       167                          159                             163                                163 159 161    CP           12.6                    97.8                       97.8                          97.8                             97.8                                97.8                                    97.8                                        97.8    Undegradable 6.3                     42                       78.7                          68.5                             73.5                                61.1                                    55.7                                        58.4    CP    Total Digestible                 112                    150                       112                          112                             112                                112 112 112    nutrients    Phosphorus   2.0                    2.0                       2.0                          2.0                             2.0                                2.0 2.0 2.0    Potassium    2.8                    2.8                       2.8                          2.8                             2.8                                2.8 2.8 2.8    __________________________________________________________________________

During a 16 day adaption period, four ewes did not consume their entiredaily supplement at the morning feeding and were allowed access to itthroughout the day. Ewes that had a history of supplement refusalsreceived their refused feed by gavage on day 17 of the study within 30minutes of feeding.

At early morning, 60 minutes before supplement feeding on day 17, 10 mlblood samples were collected via jugular puncture and centrifuged at2,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The serum was immediately decanted and frozenfor future analysis. After morning supplement consumption, blood sampleswere collected every 30 minutes for 11 hours and prepared as describedabove. Samples collected every 30 minutes were analyzed for insulin byRIA (Sanson and Hallford, 1984). Samples collected every hour wereanalyzed for growth hormone (G.H.) (Hoefier and Hallford, 1987), glucoseand urea nitrogen.

The serum insulin, growth hormone (GH), glucose and urea were analyzedby split plot analysis of variance for repeated measures. Effects ofsupplementation was tested using ewe (treatment) as the error term whiletime of sampling was tested using the residual as the error term. If anhour by supplement interaction was detected, supplement effects wereanalyzed within an hour. Means were compared using the followingpreplanned linear contrasts: control versus others, corn versus protein,cottonseed meal versus blood meal and feather meal, cottonseed mealversus no cottonseed meal, blood meal versus feather meal, blood mealand feather meal versus cottonseed meal plus blood meal and cottonseedmeal plus feather meal and cottonseed meal plus blood meal plus feathermeal versus protein.

                  TABLE 2    ______________________________________    Mean 12 hour Serum Insulin Concentration in Ewes fed Various    Protein Supplements    Protein Source.sup.a                    Insulin ng/ml.sup.bc    ______________________________________    None            0.25    Corn            0.65    CSM             0.85    BM + CSM        1.0    BM              0.71    FM + CSM        0.6    FM              1.2    FM + BM         0.68    FM + BM + CSM   0.31    ______________________________________     .sup.a CSM = cottonseed meal, BM = blood meal, FM = feather meal     .sup.b Control standard error = .065; all other standard error = .035.     .sup.c None vs. other (P < .06), BM vs. FM (P < .02), BM + FM + CSM vs.     supp (P < .01).

Supplement and sampling time after feeding did not interact to affectserum insulin concentration. Sampling hour influenced (Probability<0.01)insulin concentration. The greatest concentration was found 90 minutesand the lowest concentration occurred 240 minutes after supplementintake as shown in FIG. 1. Supplementation altered (probability<0.01)serum insulin concentrations as shown in FIG. 2. Ewes that were fedsupplement had higher (probability=0.05) insulin concentrations thanewes that were assigned to the control treatment. Corn supplemented eweshad similar insulin concentrations as protein supplemented ewes. Asshown in Table 2, feather meal fed ewes had the highest concentration(1.2 ng/ml) which was greater (probability<0.01) than the blood meal fedewes. Ewes fed the combination of blood meal plus feather meal pluscottonseed meal had concentrations that were lower than any otherprotein supplement group. Ewes fed the combination of cottonseed mealwith blood meal or feather meal had similar insulin concentration asthose fed blood meal or feather meal alone. The quantity of protein feddid not vary, so the variation in serum insulin is due to proteinsource. It appears that the quantity of ruminally undegradable intakeprotein has little influence on serum insulin concentration because thefeather meal and blood meal groups received the greatest quantity ofundegradable intake protein (UIP) but these two supplements eliciteddifferent responses. Ewes fed the cottonseed meal supplement receivedthe smallest quantity of undegradable intake protein but did not havethe lowest values. The group that had the lowest value received thethree-way combination which would be expected to have the highestbiological value due to the complementary nature of these proteinsources. In contrast, ewes fed the supplement with the lowest biologicalvalue, feather meal, had the highest insulin concentration. Thisrelationship is interesting in that the supplement with the highestbiological value had the lowest insulin concentration and the supplementwith the lowest biological value had the highest insulin concentration.Harmon (1992) reported that dietary protein is a potent stimulator ofinsulin release in comparison to glucose and propionate. It is possiblethat the concentration of specific amino acids partially regulateinsulin release.

Growth hormone concentration was greatest (probability<0.01) in thecontrol fed ewes with all other groups having similar concentrations asshown in FIG. 3. Sampling time influenced growth hormone concentration.Arter supplementation the concentration of growth hormone increased asshown in FIG. 4. The ratio of insulin to growth hormone was influencedto the greatest extent by insulin concentration, except in the controlfed ewes that had elevated growth hormone concentrations. Ewes fedfeather meal had a higher (probability<0.05) ratio than the blood mealfed ewes while ewes receiving the combination supplement cottonseed mealplus blood meal plus feather meal had a lower ratio than thesupplemented groups. Time after supplementation influenced(probability<0.01) the ratio of insulin to growth hormone. The ratiodeclined after feeding as shown in FIG. 5. Sampling time and supplementdid not interact to influence growth hormone or the insulin: growthhormone ratio.

Serum glucose concentration was also influenced (probability<0.01) bysupplementation. Ewes consuming the control treatment had the lowest(probability<0.01) glucose concentrations while ewes fed cottonseed mealplus blood meal plus feather meal had the lowest (probability<0.05)concentration of the supplemented ewes. Ewes fed cottonseed meal hadgreater (probability<0.01) serum glucose than the blood meal and feathermeal supplemented ewes (FIG. 6). Serum urea nitrogen was also influencedby supplementation. Serum urea nitrogen is a measurement that isindicative of the metabolic distribution of dietary protein. It is not a"key" regulatory metabolite with capabilities comparable to insulin,growth hormone or glucose. Ewes receiving control had lower(probability<0.10) serum urea nitrogen than those fed supplement.However, ewes fed corn had at least a 50% lower serum urea nitrogenconcentration (probability<0.01) than supplemented ewes and 25% lowerserum urea nitrogen content than control ewes (FIG. 7). Ewes receivingthe protein supplements were fed approximately 75% above NRC (1985)requirements while the control-treated ewes were fed approximately 35%and corn fed ewes 30% below the NRC (1985) requirement for 50 kilogramewe lambs gaining 100 grams a day. It is expected that thecontrol-treated ewes should have a serum urea nitrogen value less thanthe protein supplemented ewes; however, corn-fed ewes were the lowest.The supplemental corn probably stimulated ruminal microbial growth andincreased the utilization of ruminal nitrogen and therefore caused adecline in serum urea nitrogen and probably an increase in the flow ofmicrobial protein available for absorption. The corn treatment wasdesigned to serve as an energy control, which it did, but is probablyalso confounded by microbial protein synthesis. As indicated by thedepressed serum urea nitrogen, microbial protein flow may have increasedand therefore offset comparisons of increases to feed protein flowing tothe small intestine with a high energy low protein supplement. Theeffects of protein and energy intake cannot be completely separated inthis study.

The objective of this study example was to determine if differentsources of protein would elicit differential responses in insulinrelease. Ewes fed feather meal had the highest serum insulinconcentration, while those fed the cottonseed meal plus blood meal plusfeather meal combination had the lowest. The difference between theseewes was nearly fourfold. Therefore, sources of protein have divergenteffects. There was a trend for ewes with the highest insulinconcentration to also have lower glucose concentration (cottonseed mealversus feather meal fed ewes) which may be indicative of a dietary meansfor nutrient partitioning.

Effects on growth, milk production, intake and birth weight have beenreported due to different sources of protein. These results generallyhave been attributed to biological value of the protein sourcesevaluated. However, it is submitted that some of these responsesresulted from changes in metabolic hormone status rather than satisfyinga nutrient limitation.

EXAMPLE 2

Thirty two primiparous Angus x Hereford range beef cows with an averageinitial body weight of 359.1±5.7 kg were used in a completely randomdesign to investigate effects of exogenous insulin on postpartumreproduction. After calving, cows in thin body condition (4.5±0.08) weredelivered to the NMSU Livestock Research Center, Las Cruces, N. Mex.from the NMSU Corona Range Livestock Research Center, Corona, N. Mex.and were randomly assigned to one of eight pens (four cows/pen) followedby treatment assignment to pens (four pens/treatment). Sire-of-calf(Longhorn or Red Angus) was stratified across pens.

Treatments consisted of daily subcutaneous injections of either 50 IULente insulin² animal⁻¹.d⁻¹ (INS) or 0.5 mL physiologicalsaline.animal⁻¹.d⁻¹ control (CON). Treatments were initiatedapproximately 3 weeks postpartum and continued for 39 days. Initially,insulin dosage was 150 IU.animal⁻¹.d⁻¹ similar to that which wasadministered to postpartum ewes on a body weight basis (Pope andHallford, 1991); however, some insulin-treated cows began to experiencesigns of insulin shock (hypoglycemia) 4 days after treatments began. Onecow was removed from the study due to blindness caused by insulin shock.Treatments were discontinued on day 5 and day 6 of the treatment periodand resumed on day 7 with a reduced dosage (50 IU.animal⁻¹.d⁻¹)throughout the remainder of the 39th day period with the exception ofthree cows. These three cows received 33 IU.animal⁻¹.d⁻¹ because theycontinued to display signs of hypoglycemia in the late afternoons at thehigher dosage. Furthermore, these cows were lower in body eight and werein very thin body condition (<4).

                  TABLE 3    ______________________________________    Nutrient analysis of forages fed to primiparous beef cows    after calving (DM basis)             Nutrient    Forage     DM, %        CP, %   NDF, %    ______________________________________    Prairie Hay               93.2          5.4    67.3    Alfalfa    93.5         19.0    34.8    ______________________________________

Cows were pen fed a grass hay-alfalfa diet (80%-20%) at approximately2.5% of their body weight (83 and 94% of crude protein and totaldigestible nutrient requirements, respectively, NRC, 1984) during thetreatment period. Pen size was 12×15 m with S m of bunk space providedto allow cows free access to feed at all times. Cows also were providedfree access to a salt and mineral (Ca and P) supplement during thedrylot period. After the insulin treatment period cows were combined ina common drylot breeding pen. Cows were fed a grass hay-alfalfa ration(50%-50%), at 2.5% of body weight through the first 21 days of breeding.In the second 21-day period of breeding, the ratio of grass hay toalfalfa was decreased (25%:75%), and the percentage of body weight fedwas increased (2.75%). During the last period of drylot conditions, cowswere fed 100% alfalfa at 2.75% of body weight. Feeding management wasdevised to reflect increasing nutrient quality and quantity of grazedforage found in native spring range. Nutrient analysis is shown in Table3. Cows were exposed to one of two fertile Angus bulls (alternatingweekly) equipped with a chin-ball marker during drylot breeding. Theywere returned to the NMSU Corona Range Livestock Research Center wherethey were managed as a group for the remainder of the breeding seasonand until calves were weaned. Cow weights were recorded at the same hour(1000 hours to 1100 hours) of each day at the beginning of the study andat approximately 21 day intervals during drylot breeding. Calf weightswere measured at birth, end of the drylot period, and at weaning. Cowcondition scores were evaluated by three technicians (1=emaciated,9=obese) prior to the study, after the treatment period, and uponcompletion of drylot breeding.

Ten milliliters of blood were collected from cows via jugularvenipuncture at 3 day intervals during the treatment period, werecentrifuged at 2300×grams for 15 minutes at 4° C. within 1 hour aftercollection, and serum was frozen until later analysis for progesterone(intraassay CV=4.9%) by solid phase RIA (Coat-A-Count Progesterone;Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, Calif. First estrus postpartum wasdetermined by chin-ball marker equipped balls during the drylot breedingperiod and by serum progesterone levels greater than 1 ng/mL.Furthermore, blood samples were collected and progesterone quantified bythe previously described methods to confirm estrus activity before cowswere returned to grazing native range. Blood was collected at 15 minuteintervals over a 6 hour period that began approximately 2 hourspostfeeding for determination of luteinizing hormone concentration ineight cows randomly selected from each treatment (n=16). Samples wereanalyzed for serum Luteinizing hormone concentration using RIA(intrassay CV=3.3%) as described by Hoefler and Hallford (1987).Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsality was characterized for frequency,baseline, amplitude, and pulses/6 hours by analysis with Pc-Pulsarcomputer software (Merriam and Wachter 1982). Area under the curve wascalculated for luteinizing hormone using a trapezoidal summationprocedure. Fall pregnancy was determined by rectal palpation.

Blood samples were collected hourly (0600 to 1800), as previouslydescribed, for analysis of serum insulin (Sanson and Hallford, 1984),growth hormone (GH; Hoefler and Hallford, 1987), and glucose (StanbioColorimetric Glucose Test; San Antonio,Tex.) concentrations. lntraassayCV for insulin and growth hormone were 9.8% and 5.8%, respectively.

Milk production was estimated by using a 5 hour modifiedweight-suckle-weigh technique (Wiley, et al., 1991). Milk was weighedand a subsample was collected for determination of fat, lactose,protein, and solids-not-fat (Arizona Dairy Herd Improvement AssociationLaboratory, Phoenix, Ariz).

The main effects of treatments were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS(1989) with means separated by appropriate t-test for the followingdependent variables: cow weight and body condition score, calf weight,milk production, milk constituents and luteinizing hormone pulsatilemeasures. Circulating insulin, growth hormone, glucose, and luteinizinghormone concentrations were measured by split-plot ANOVA For repeatedmeasures (Gill and Hafs, 1971). Cow within treatment was used as thetesting term for treatment effects, and residual error was used to testfor sample time and treatment x sample time interactions. Chi-squareanalysis (SAS, 1989) was used to test treatment effects for the numberof cows cycling prior to their return to grazing native range and fallpregnancy rate.

It was necessary to reduce the initial insulin dosage 4 days aftertreatments began due to symptoms of hypoglycemia. This effect also wasobserved by Bellows, et al., (1964) when 320 IU of protamine-zincinsulin was administered while no symptoms occurred at 160IU.animal⁻¹.d⁻¹. In sheep (Beam and Holcombe, 1992), 1 IU/kg body weightof Lente insulin was administered daily to ewe lambs without symptoms ofhypoglycemia. This dosage was over two times the initial dose used inthe current study (0.42 IU/kg body weight). Contradictions betweenBellows, et al., (1964) or Beam and Holcombe, (1992) and the presentstudy may have been due to the lower nutrient intake (i.e., fewerglucose precursors were available). Furthermore, cows in the presentstudy were in their first stage of lactation during the treatment periodthereby increasing glucose demand for lactose production and decreasingglucose availability to maternal tissues. Even though exogenous insulindosage was reduced, circulating insulin and glucose concentrations wereaffected by treatments. Serum insulin concentrations increased(probability<0.01; as shown in FIG. 8) and glucose decreased(probability<0.05); as shown in FIG. 9) for insulin treated cowscompared with control. A time x treatment interaction (probability<0.01)was detected for glucose concentration but was determined to be oflittle biological importance and was therefore disregarded.

                  TABLE 4    ______________________________________    Milk production and milk constituents collected from primiparous cows    administered s.c. injections of either saline (CON) or insulin (INS)    Treatment    Item, g/d  CON     INS         SE.sup.1                                        OSL.sup.2    ______________________________________    Milk       4237.0  3201.0      271.5                                        .01    Fat        140.5   118.3       11.5 .18    Protein    121.0   108.0       7.4  .22    Lactose    204.2   148.8       12.6 .004    Snf.sup.3  350.5   276.4       21.3 .02    ______________________________________     .sup.1 Standard error of least squares means, n = 15 cows.     .sup.2 Observed significance level of least squares means.     .sup.3 Snf = solidsnot-fat

Cows that received insulin lost body weight (0.9±1.8 kg) while controlcows gained body weight (4.3±1.8 kg) during the treatment period(probability<0.05). However, by the end of the drylot period,insulin-treated cows had compensated, resulting in similar body weightgain over combined treatment and drylot breeding periods (17.5±3.1 kg).Body condition was less (probability<0.07) for insulin treated cows(4.4±0.08) compared to control cows (4.6±0.08) at the beginning of thestudy. Yet, at the end of drylot breeding, body condition (4.8±0.08) wassimilar (probability=0.62) between treatments. This may suggest thatcows treated with insulin increased body reserves in the form of adiposetissue or changed metabolism to favor energy storage during thepostpartum period more quickly than control cows. The source of energyto increase body condition, since feed intake was similar in bothtreatments, may have resulted from a re-partitioning of nutrients andlowered milk production (probability<0.01) in insulin-treated cowscompared to control cows as shown in Table 4. Grams of lactose andsolids-not-fat secreted also were reduced (probability<0.02) while gramsof milk fat and protein were unaffected (probability>0.18) by treatmentsas shown in Table 4. A decrease in milk production agrees with Hunterand Magner (1988) who increased insulin with formaldehyde treated caseinin beef cows and with data in goats treated with insulin (Chang andYoung (1992); however, re-partitioning of nutrients in these studiesresulted in increased body weight gain. It was hypothesized in thepresent study that energy conserved by lowered milk production ofinsulin-treated cows was partitioned towards fat synthesis while controlcows had lowered lipogenesis and greater milk production in the absenceof insulin. It is unclear why a body weight advantage for insulin cowsdid not occur during the treatment period, but was possibly due toadverse effects from the initial insulin dosage. High concentrations ofgrowth hormone during lactation are believed to facilitate the diversionof nutrients, such as glucose and lipid, to the mammary gland to meetthe nutrient demand for milk production (Hart, 1983). Growth hormoneconcentration, although numerically lower for insulin cows versuscontrol treated cows (7.2 vs. 8.4±0.7 ng/mL, respectively), were notstatistically different (probability=0.24). Due to lower milk productionin insulin treated cows, it would be predicted that calf growth would bedepressed. However, calf weights were similar (92.9±2.8 kg, P=0.72) atthe end of drylot breeding and at weaning (125.6±4.0 kg; P=0.88insulin-and control-treated cows.

                  TABLE 5    ______________________________________    Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility and area under the curve    measurements collected from primiparous cows administered s.c.    injection of either saline (CON) or insulin (INS)    Treatment    Item          CON    INS       SE.sup.1                                        OSL.sup.2    ______________________________________    Mean, ng/mL   1.04   .96       .12  .63    Frequency, ng/mL                  .017   .017      .002 .99    Baseline, ng/mL                  .78    .65       .10  .34    Amplitude, ng/mL                  .71    .79       .06  .35    Pulses/6h     4.8    5.1       .60  .66    Area under    374.0  344.9     44.1 .65    the curve    ______________________________________     .sup.1 Standard error of least squares means, n = 16 cows.     .sup.2 Observed significance level of least squares means.

Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) measurements (amplitude, baseline,frequency, and pulses/6 hours), mean luteinizing hormone concentration,and area under the curve were similar (probability>0.33; as shown inTable 5) between control and insulin cows. This lack of luteinizinghormone responsiveness to insulin concentration agrees with Harrison andRandel (1986) who used beef heifers and with data reported by Beam andHolcombe (1992) in ewe lambs. The number of cows that showed estrualactivity during the drylot period and that were pregnant after weaningwas similar (probability>0.59; as shown in Table 6) between treatments.Although others have demonstrated an increase in ovulation rate in beefheifers (Harrison and Randel, 1986) and in gilts (Cox, et al., 1987)with administration of exogenous insulin, this treatment alone did notchange any measurements related to reproduction for primiparous cows inthin body condition fed to maintain body weight.

                  TABLE 6    ______________________________________    Estrus cyclicity at 120 d postpartum and fall pregnancy for primiparous    cows administered s.c. injections of either saline (CON) or insulin    (INS)    Treatment    Item         CON         INS    OSL.sup.1    ______________________________________    Cyclicity    Percent      44.0        53.0   .59    Number of Cows                  7/16        8/15    Pregnancy    Percent      87.5        86.7   .95    Number of Cows                 14/16       13/15    ______________________________________     .sup.1 Observed significance level of chisquare analysis.

Circulating insulin concentration in beef cows managed under aconservative nutritional regimen were successfully increased byadministration of exogenous insulin. Furthermore, it appears thatincreased insulin may allow for energy storage in the form of improvedbody condition at the expense of milk production. An increase in insulinconcentrations does not appear to be the sole regulatory mechanism ofpostpartum reproduction in primiparous beef cows.

Although the invention has been described in detail with particularreference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achievethe same results. Variations and modifications of the present inventionwill be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to coverin the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. Theentire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, andpublications cited above, are hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of altering grazing animal blood constituents comprising the steps of:a) selecting a protein dietary supplement affecting the serum concentration of at least one blood constituent selected from the group consisting of serum insulin, serum urea nitrogen, serum glucose and serum growth hormone; b) administering the protein dietary supplement; and C) providing additional protein in the daily feed allotment while otherwise maintaining a negative energy diet.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a high rumen-degradable protein supplement.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of selecting a high rumen-degradable protein supplement comprises the step of selecting cottonseed meal.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a low rumen-degradable protein supplement.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of selecting a low rumen-degradable protein supplement comprises the step of selecting feather meal.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of selecting a low rumen-degradable protein supplement comprises the step of selecting blood meal.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement selected from the group consisting of feather meal, cottonseed meal, blood meal and mixtures thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting feather meal.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting cottonseed meal.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting blood meal.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a mixture of blood meal and cottonseed meal.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a mixture of feather meal and cottonseed meal.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a mixture of blood meal and feather meal.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of selecting a protein dietary supplement further comprises the step of selecting a mixture of cottonseed meal, feather meal and blood meal.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:selecting specific animal efficiency parameters in ruminants from the group consisting of body condition, body weight, milk production, reproduction and offspring weight; and administering said protein dietary supplement chosen to augment at least one of the selected specific animal efficiency parameters.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of selecting specific animal efficiency parameters further comprises the step of selecting reproduction and offspring weight.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of administering selected supplements further comprises the step of withholding protein supplements.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of selecting specific animal efficiency parameters comprises the step of selecting decreased milk production. 